The resource document A Survey of Palms Growing in Bermuda is one of the most detailed and passionate botanical surveys ever created about Bermuda’s palm population. Compiled by George F. Ogden—and updated across decades from 1975 to 2009—the work captures a remarkable snapshot of the island’s palm diversity, documenting approximately 64 species growing across public gardens, private estates, parks, and hidden corners of the island.

The resource document Bermuda Endemic and Native Trees is a beautifully organized and informative guide that highlights the rare, remarkable, and ecologically essential tree species that define Bermuda’s natural heritage. Designed to help readers recognize and appreciate the island’s most important flora, the document showcases botanical illustrations, habitat information, conservation notes, and key identification features for each species.

The historic document The Botany of Bermuda by General Sir John Henry Lefroy offers one of the earliest and most comprehensive botanical surveys of Bermuda. Written in the late 19th century, it captures a detailed portrait of the island’s native landscapes, introduced species, and the ecological forces that shaped Bermuda long before modern development.

Lefroy begins by describing Bermuda’s geological origins and its surprisingly narrow range of native plants, shaped by its small land area, calcareous soils, and isolation in the Atlantic. Yet, despite these limitations, the islands became a crossroads where seeds, birds, sailors, storms, and human settlement introduced species from nearly every corner of the world. By the 1800s, Bermuda’s flora was a living mosaic—part West Indian, part American coastal, part European, and part global seafarer’s baggage.

The resource document Horticulture as a Career offers an inspiring introduction to the diverse and dynamic world of horticulture, presented by Sandra Nicholson of Writtle University College. This guide invites readers—especially those considering a career shift or students exploring their options—into a field where science, creativity, sustainability, and hands‑on craftsmanship intersect. The document begins by grounding readers in the environment of Essex, where Writtle University College has trained land‑based professionals since 1893. Its gently rolling terrain, clay‑loam soils, and temperate climate provide an ideal living classroom for future horticulturists, from plant scientists to garden designers.

he resource document Gardens of Cressing Temple offers a richly detailed look into one of Essex’s most extraordinary horticultural reconstructions—a meticulously researched re‑creation of a late Medieval and early Tudor garden within the historic walls of Cressing Temple. The presentation, led by Sandra Nicholson of Writtle University College, traces the garden’s development from its beginnings in 1991 to its public opening in 1995, situating the site within its deep historical roots as a former estate of the Knights Templars.

A recent short communication published in Avocetta takes a close look at an unexpected relationship unfolding across Bermuda’s gardens and wild spaces: the interaction between the non‑native Great Kiskadee and the invasive Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata). Although introduced to Bermuda in the 1950s as a form of biological control, the Great Kiskadee has since become an influential—often problematic—species in the island’s ecology. This new study investigates whether the bird may also be helping to spread the seeds of one of Bermuda’s most persistent invasive ornamentals, Murraya paniculata.

The Green Flag Award resource document offers an inside look at how parks and green spaces are assessed and recognized for excellence, outlining the award’s purpose, judging process, and the rigorous criteria used to evaluate management, sustainability, biodiversity, community involvement, and overall visitor experience. It explains how judges review management plans, conduct on‑site evaluations, and provide constructive feedback, while highlighting examples of best practices such as environmental sustainability initiatives, heritage conservation, and community‑driven projects. Through its detailed breakdown of the award system, the document showcases the importance of well‑managed, publicly accessible green spaces and encourages continuous improvement across environmental stewardship, safety, inclusivity, and long‑term planning.

Growing with Trees is a comprehensive tree‑planting guide created by Bermuda’s Ministry of the Environment as part of the Millennium Tree Planting initiative. The document serves as both an educational tool and a call to action, encouraging residents, schools, community groups, and businesses to participate in restoring Bermuda’s natural environment through thoughtful tree planting.

The guide blends practical planting advice with an in‑depth look at native, endemic, ornamental, fruit‑bearing, and invasive species, making it an essential resource for anyone who wants to understand Bermuda’s botanical landscape and help shape its future.

The document titled HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN Juniperus bermudiana AND J. virginiana IN BERMUDA offers an in‑depth scientific examination of one of the most important ecological stories in Bermuda: the struggle of the native Bermuda cedar to survive, the introduction of mainland juniper species, and the genetic mixing now occurring between them. Authored by Robert P. Adams and David Wingate, the study combines historical context, DNA analysis, and field observations to understand how hybridization is reshaping Bermuda’s iconic conifer.

This research provides essential insight for conservationists, land managers, and anyone interested in the island’s natural heritage.

The resource document The introduced and invasive flora of Bermuda presents one of the most thorough analyses ever conducted on the island’s plant life. Compiled by researchers Alison Copeland and Jane Dawson, the study brings together centuries of historical records, herbarium specimens, modern literature, and garden centre surveys to produce a complete inventory of the plants that currently occur in Bermuda. This includes native species, long‑established introductions, casual escapes, naturalized species, and invasive plants.

This document is a major contribution to understanding how Bermuda’s plant communities developed, how they are changing, and which species pose the greatest risks to island biodiversity.

The resource document titled 5252_LeFroy-Botanical-Poster.pdf showcases a special Bermuda stamp issue known as the Lefroy Botanicals, released by the Bermuda Post Office in January 2015. This beautifully designed poster serves as both a visual guide and an educational piece, highlighting a curated selection of botanical illustrations that reflect Bermuda’s rich horticultural heritage.

This stamp series was created in partnership with the Bermuda National Trust and celebrates the long tradition of botanical study on the island. Each stamp presents a carefully rendered plant species, chosen for its cultural, aesthetic, or ecological significance. The result is a vibrant and collectible tribute to the plants that shape Bermuda’s landscape.

The 1937 re‑publication of Dr. A. B. Rendle’s Notes on the Flora of the Bermudas remains one of the most valuable botanical records ever produced for the islands. Originally written after Rendle’s ten‑week visit in 1933 and published in the Journal of Botany in 1936, this document offers a rare and detailed snapshot of Bermuda’s plant life during a pivotal time in its ecological history. [Flora-of-B...endle-1937 | PDF]

For anyone interested in Bermuda’s natural environment—gardeners, conservationists, botanists, educators, or visitors—this resource serves as an essential window into the islands’ native flora, endangered species, naturalized plants, and changing landscapes.

Bermuda’s story is far more than pink‑sand beaches and turquoise seas—it’s a living, evolving tapestry of plants, animals, geology, and human resilience. A newly revisited historical resource, “The Bermuda Islands” by Addison E. Verrill (1902), offers a sweeping look at the islands’ natural history, cultural heritage, and environmental transformation. Here’s a fresh, modern reflection on that remarkable work and what it reveals about Bermuda’s unique world.